Hydrogen Water for Athletes: What the 2024 Research Actually Shows

Posted on April 06, 2026

The Recovery Problem Serious Athletes Actually Face

Most recovery supplements in sports nutrition follow the same arc: early anecdotes, influencer adoption, then — if you're lucky — some underpowered pilot studies that don't hold up. Hydrogen water has been tracking differently. Over the past three years, it has moved from biohacker blogs into the pages of Frontiers in Physiology, Frontiers in Nutrition, and Nature Medicine — not because the marketing got louder, but because independent research groups started designing rigorous double-blind, placebo-controlled trials and publishing results worth examining.

The sport science community runs expensive randomized controlled trials on things with signal. The fact that multiple independent research groups published placebo-controlled studies on hydrogen-rich water (HRW) for athletes in 2024 alone — from institutions including Beijing Sport University, Harvard Medical School, and Palacký University in the Czech Republic — is not a marketing story. It is a research story. And the honest version of that story is more interesting than either the enthusiasm or the dismissal suggests.

This article reports on what those trials found: what was measured, in whom, the specific performance domains where researchers have observed the most consistent signals, and where the evidence is still thin.

What Happens to Your Body During Intense Exercise

Understanding why researchers are testing hydrogen water in recovery contexts starts with the physiological problem that hard training creates. The research hypothesis being tested is specific: that dissolved molecular hydrogen in drinking water might interact with one or more of the mechanisms that slow recovery between intensive training sessions.

Reactive Oxygen Species and the Oxidative Burden

High-intensity exercise dramatically increases oxygen consumption in contracting muscles. As a byproduct of this metabolic acceleration, cells produce reactive oxygen species — unstable molecules with unpaired electrons that can damage proteins, lipids, and DNA. The relationship between ROS and exercise is not simple, and getting it wrong leads to bad supplementation decisions.

Merry and Ristow, in a 2016 review published in The Journal of Physiology, documented that low-to-moderate concentrations of reactive oxygen are necessary for normal muscle force production and trigger beneficial adaptations: mitochondrial biogenesis, upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, and improved stress response capacity. This is why aggressive antioxidant supplementation that indiscriminately suppresses all ROS production has, in multiple controlled trials, actually impaired adaptation to training rather than enhancing it.

What intense exercise does produce — particularly during prolonged, repeated, or extreme bouts — is an accumulation of the most damaging subset of ROS, especially the hydroxyl radical. Unlike the ROS involved in beneficial signaling, the hydroxyl radical reacts indiscriminately with surrounding biological molecules and serves no constructive physiological function. It is this specific, damaging subset that a selective antioxidant would ideally target without touching the adaptive signals. The selectivity hypothesis is what made the foundational 2007 hydrogen research so interesting to exercise scientists.

For athletes, the practical consequence of accumulated oxidative stress is delayed-onset muscle soreness, elevated creatine kinase — a circulating marker of muscle damage — and extended recovery timelines between hard sessions. Double-day training, back-to-back competition days, and high-volume training blocks all amplify this oxidative burden and make the recovery window a genuine performance constraint.

Blood Lactate, Fatigue, and the Anaerobic Threshold

Alongside oxidative stress, blood lactate accumulation is among the most studied markers of exercise-induced muscle fatigue. During high-intensity anaerobic work — when muscles demand ATP faster than aerobic metabolism can supply it — lactate and hydrogen ions accumulate in muscle tissue. The burning in the legs during a hard sprint or a heavy squat set reflects this biochemistry.

Lactate levels correlate with reduced muscle function both within a session and across training days. Slower lactate clearance extends the time before full output can be recovered in subsequent efforts. For athletes training twice a day, competing across multiple days, or managing high weekly volumes, lactate dynamics matter in concrete performance terms — not as a marker to optimize for its own sake, but as a proxy for how quickly the muscles can return to high-quality output.

Several hydrogen water trials have measured blood lactate as a primary outcome. The consistency of the direction of findings across multiple independent studies makes lactate one of the most reproducible signals in the athletic hydrogen water literature.

Why Standard Hydration Doesn't Address This

Adequate hydration is fundamental to athletic performance. Regular water, consumed at appropriate volume, maintains thermoregulation, reduces cardiovascular strain during exercise, and supports every aspect of muscular function. None of this is in dispute, and nothing in the hydrogen water literature suggests otherwise.

What regular water does not do, at a molecular level, is selectively interact with reactive oxygen species or influence lactate metabolism beyond what hydration status itself predicts. The research question being explored in hydrogen water trials is whether dissolved molecular hydrogen — a component absent in regular water — adds anything measurable above and beyond the hydration effect. Placebo-controlled designs using plain water as the control are designed to answer exactly this question. The effects observed in HRW arms, above and beyond regular water controls, are what the literature is working to quantify.

What Is Hydrogen-Rich Water?

Hydrogen-rich water is ordinary water in which molecular hydrogen gas (H₂) has been dissolved under pressure. It is pH-neutral — unlike alkaline water, which modifies pH through different chemistry and has a distinct, largely separate research base. Hydrogen-rich water contains no calories, stimulants, added minerals, or pharmacological agents. It is, structurally, water with dissolved gas.

The dissolved hydrogen is physically unstable in open containers. Off-gassing — the escape of dissolved H₂ into surrounding air — begins immediately upon exposure to the atmosphere and proceeds rapidly. A container left open for 20–30 minutes loses a significant portion of its dissolved hydrogen. This matters when reading the trials: the timing of consumption relative to preparation affects the concentration participants actually received.

A Note on Concentration — Why Numbers Matter

Published human trials on hydrogen water and athletic performance have typically used dissolved hydrogen concentrations ranging from approximately 0.8 to 1.6 parts per million (ppm), also expressed as mg/L. This range is not arbitrary — it reflects what the researchers actually prepared and administered. Whether a given device produces water in this concentration range, under real-world usage conditions, is the practical question that sits between the research and the consumer.

The Proposed Mechanisms — What Makes Hydrogen Interesting to Researchers

Three proposed mechanisms have driven the research agenda in molecular hydrogen medicine and, by extension, in the athletic performance literature. Each has preclinical support; their relevance in exercising humans is what the clinical trials are now testing.

Selective Antioxidant Activity — The Foundational Finding

In 2007, Ohsawa, Ishikawa, Takahashi, and colleagues published a paper in Nature Medicine that became the most-cited work in molecular hydrogen medicine. Conducting experiments in cell culture and an acute rat ischemia-reperfusion model, they reported that molecular hydrogen appeared to function as a selective antioxidant — specifically targeting the hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite (the most cytotoxic reactive oxygen species) while leaving other ROS, including those with beneficial signaling roles, largely unreacted (Ohsawa I et al., 2007, Nature Medicine, DOI: 10.1038/nm1577).

The selectivity is the central mechanistic hypothesis. If it holds at the concentrations achievable through drinking hydrogen-rich water in exercising humans — and preclinical data cannot establish that on its own — it would represent a structural advantage over broad-spectrum antioxidant supplements, which have consistently underperformed in athlete trials partly because they suppress adaptive ROS signals alongside damaging ones. The 2007 Ohsawa work was conducted in animal and cell models. Animal model evidence is preliminary. The human trial literature is now testing whether the mechanism translates, and the results are accumulating.

Mitochondrial Function and Lactate Metabolism (Proposed)

A second proposed mechanism involves molecular hydrogen's interaction with mitochondria. H₂ is the smallest known molecule — two atomic mass units, dimensions small enough to diffuse freely across cell membranes and into organelles including mitochondria that are inaccessible to larger molecules. This is a structural property of the molecule, not a marketing claim.

In preclinical research, H₂ has been observed to enhance mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis, and to increase the activity of enzymes involved in lactate oxidation. The comprehensive review by Zhou Q and colleagues, published in Metabolites in 2024, proposed that a change in mitochondrial function via H₂ is one plausible mechanism for the post-exercise lactate reductions observed in human trials: more efficient mitochondrial ATP production means the muscles can meet more of their energy demand aerobically, reducing the anaerobic glycolysis load and therefore the lactate generated (Zhou Q et al., 2024, Metabolites, DOI: 10.3390/metabo14100537). This is a working mechanistic hypothesis, not established human physiology.

Modulation of Inflammatory Signaling Pathways

Intense exercise triggers an inflammatory response as part of the muscle repair process. The NF-κB pathway, which regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production, is upregulated after hard training sessions and is associated with elevated tissue damage markers and soreness during the recovery period.

In preclinical models — cell culture and animal studies — molecular hydrogen has been observed to modulate NF-κB signaling and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the exercise context, this pathway represents a plausible mechanism through which HRW might reduce perceived soreness and post-exercise creatine kinase elevation. The 2024 swimmer trial observed both effects, which is consistent with — though not mechanistic proof of — inflammatory pathway modulation in exercising humans. Establishing the mechanism definitively would require studies beyond the scope of the current athletic performance trial literature.

The Study That Started the Athletic Performance Conversation

Research fields have founding papers. For hydrogen water and athletic performance, that paper arrived in 2012 from the University of Tsukuba, Japan.

Aoki, Nakao, Adachi, Matsui, and Miyakawa recruited ten male soccer players (mean age 20.9 ± 1.3 years) for a crossover, double-blind experiment. Each athlete completed two sessions separated by one week — one with hydrogen-rich water, one with placebo water. The exercise protocol involved cycling at 75% of maximal oxygen uptake for 30 minutes, followed immediately by 100 repetitions of maximal isokinetic knee extension at 70°/s. The researchers measured blood lactate during cycling and peak torque during the extension protocol.

The findings in both primary outcomes pointed in the same direction. During heavy cycling, blood lactate remained lower in the hydrogen-rich water condition — a difference that reached statistical significance. During the isokinetic extension protocol, peak torque declined significantly in the placebo group, suggesting accumulated muscle fatigue, while the HRW group showed attenuated decline in early repetitions. The researchers concluded that hydrogen-rich water supplementation reduced blood lactate levels and appeared to buffer exercise-induced decline in muscle function (Aoki K et al., 2012, Medical Gas Research, PubMed ID: 22520831).

What the Aoki trial established was a reproducible signal — compelling enough for a decade of subsequent research to pursue. That signal has since been replicated and expanded across multiple independent research groups, including elite swimming, structured resistance training, and endurance contexts. The 2024 body of evidence represents a substantially richer base to evaluate it against.

What the 2024 Research Found

Three 2024 publications are particularly relevant: a double-blind crossover trial in elite competitive swimmers, a resistance training study tracking eight days of continuous supplementation, and a systematic review and meta-analysis pooling results from 27 studies across the hydrogen water performance literature. Together they provide the most complete picture yet of what hydrogen water for athletes may — and may not — do.

Elite Swimmers — A Double-Blind Crossover Trial

Sládečková, Botek, Krejčí, Valenta, McKune, Neuls, and Klimešová published in Frontiers in Physiology what is among the most methodologically rigorous studies yet on hydrogen water and athletic recovery in a genuine competitive context. Twelve elite fin swimmers — eight female (mean age 21.5 ± 5.0 years) and four male (mean age 18.9 ± 1.3 years) — completed a demanding double-session day: 12 × 50m sprint swims in the morning followed by a 400m competitive effort in the afternoon. These were not recreational athletes.

Participants consumed hydrogen-rich water or placebo in a crossover design. The protocol used multi-day loading: supplementation began three days before the test day at 1,260 mL per day, increasing to 2,520 mL on the experimental day itself. The loading design reflected emerging understanding in the field that multi-day supplementation protocols produce more consistent effects than single acute doses.

At 12 hours post-afternoon session, three primary outcomes were measured. Blood creatine kinase — the most established circulating marker of muscle damage — was 156 ± 63 U/L in the HRW group versus 190 ± 64 U/L in placebo (p = 0.043). Muscle soreness on a visual analog scale was 34 ± 12 mm versus 42 ± 12 mm (p = 0.045). Countermovement jump height — a functional measure of lower-body power recovery with direct athletic relevance — was significantly better in the HRW group: 30.7 ± 5.5 cm versus 29.8 ± 5.8 cm (p = 0.014).

The researchers concluded that four days of hydrogen-rich water supplementation appeared to be a promising hydration strategy for promoting muscle recovery following two strenuous same-day training sessions. They also noted that H₂ has no known adverse effect and is absent from the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2024 Prohibited List, and wrote that HRW could be used in professional athletic contexts (Sládečková B et al., 2024, Frontiers in Physiology, DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1321160).

Resistance Training — Eight Days of HRW

Zhou K, Yuan C, Shang Z, Jiao W, and Wang Y examined a different athletic context in a 2024 Frontiers in Physiology study. Where the swimmer trial focused on same-day recovery in a competitive context, this study examined muscular endurance and fatigue recovery hydrogen dynamics during a structured resistance training program across eight days of continuous supplementation.

Participants were resistance-trained adults performing barbell half-squats at 70% of one-repetition maximum, three sets of ten repetitions. Intermittent HRW intake was administered before, during, and after each training session across the eight-day period. The eight-day timeframe allowed assessment of whether supplementation effects accumulated over repeated training exposures.

The researchers reported that intermittent HRW intake was associated with better muscular endurance performance and faster fatigue recovery during resistance training. Compared to placebo, the HRW group showed lower post-exercise blood lactate concentrations, reduced delayed-onset muscle soreness at 24 hours (26 ± 11 mm versus 41 ± 20 mm, p = 0.002), and enhanced lower extremity mobility. The researchers also observed that prolonged intake — seven or more days — may contribute to mitochondrial biogenesis and upregulation of endogenous antioxidant systems in trained individuals, consistent with the proposed mechanistic hypotheses (Zhou K et al., 2024, Frontiers in Physiology, DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882).

Eight days is a short intervention window. The protocol was specific to compound lower-body resistance training in trained, but not elite-competitive, adults. Whether similar effects appear across different training modalities, in elite-level athletes with more developed baseline antioxidant systems, or over longer supplementation periods is not established by this data.

What the 2024 Meta-Analysis Found

The most comprehensive synthesis of the athletic performance hydrogen water literature to date came from Zhou K, Shang Z, Yuan C, and colleagues, published in Frontiers in Nutrition in 2024. The systematic review and meta-analysis covered 25 publications comprising 27 studies — 23 randomized crossover designs and 4 randomized controlled trials — and examined molecular hydrogen supplementation and physical performance in healthy adults across a range of athletic contexts.

The results were specific and directionally consistent. H₂ supplementation appeared associated with improvements in lower limb explosive power, alleviation of fatigue, and better blood lactate clearance after exercise — across 27 studies spanning a range of athletic contexts. The authors noted that protocol heterogeneity across the reviewed studies will benefit from further standardization as the field matures — a common observation in a research area that continues to attract new controlled trials at an accelerating pace (Zhou K et al., 2024, Frontiers in Nutrition, DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1387657).

The researchers concluded that molecular hydrogen supplementation may offer meaningful performance benefits in specific outcome domains — particularly in recovery metrics, fatigue alleviation, and lower limb explosive power — with the strongest signals appearing in the same areas where the mechanistic hypotheses predict effects most strongly.

Oxidative Stress — A More Complex Picture

A frequently cited rationale for athlete interest in hydrogen-rich water is the antioxidant hypothesis — the idea that it reduces the exercise-induced oxidative stress that drives muscle damage and extended recovery timelines. The 2024 meta-analysis dedicated specifically to this question tells a more nuanced story.

What the Antioxidant Meta-Analysis Found

Li, Bing, Liu, Shang, Huang, Zhou K, Bao, and Zhou J published a systematic review and meta-analysis in Frontiers in Nutrition in 2024 examining specifically whether molecular hydrogen supplementation reduces exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy adults. Six studies encompassing seven experiments with 76 total participants were included.

H₂ supplementation produced significantly greater improvement in Biological Antioxidant Potential (BAP) compared to placebo — a measure of the body's overall antioxidant capacity — with a statistically significant effect size (SMD = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.54, p = 0.03). The researchers interpreted this as suggesting that molecular hydrogen may enhance the body's endogenous antioxidant defense systems, consistent with the Nrf2 pathway hypothesis proposed in preclinical research. The authors noted the six-study pool of 76 participants calls for replication in larger trials (Li Y et al., 2024, Frontiers in Nutrition, DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1328705).

On the specific marker of diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) — a direct indicator of oxidative damage to lipids and proteins — the effect did not reach statistical significance in the pooled analysis (SMD = -0.01, p = 0.94). This finding is mechanistically consistent with the BAP result: molecular hydrogen appears to enhance endogenous antioxidant capacity rather than functioning as a direct exogenous scavenger — a distinction consistent with how researchers have proposed H₂ operates at the cellular level.

The Ergogenic Effect Debate

The central question for performance-focused athletes is whether hydrogen water produces a meaningful ergogenic effect — a measurable improvement in performance output, not just recovery markers. The research points in different directions depending on what is being measured, in whom, and over what timeframe.

Where the Evidence Is Stronger

Across the available literature, the most consistently observed effects involve fatigue recovery, lactate levels, and muscle damage markers during the recovery period between sessions. Lower blood lactate during heavy cycling was reported in the 2012 Aoki pilot study. Reduced creatine kinase and improved countermovement jump recovery were documented in the 2024 elite swimmer trial. Improved muscular endurance performance and lower DOMS scores were observed in the 2024 resistance training study. The 2024 meta-analysis reported that lactate clearance and fatigue alleviation are the outcome domains where positive effects appear most consistently across independent trials.

There is also a signal in lower limb explosive power — countermovement jump height and sprint force production metrics — across multiple studies.

Aerobic Capacity: A Different Domain

The research is specific about where hydrogen water's effects are most pronounced. The 2024 meta-analysis found the strongest and most consistent signals in recovery metrics, fatigue alleviation, and lower limb explosive power — outcomes that reflect hydrogen's proposed role in lactate clearance and endogenous antioxidant upregulation.

Sprint performance data is similarly mixed. Some studies have observed improvements in late-set sprint times — when cumulative fatigue is a factor — but not in fresh sprint outputs at the start of a session or test. This pattern is consistent with a fatigue-buffering interpretation rather than a direct performance-enhancement mechanism.

Highly Trained Athletes vs. Recreational Exercisers

An unresolved question in the hydrogen water for athletes literature is whether effect magnitude differs between highly trained competitors and recreational exercisers. The intuitive argument runs both ways: highly trained athletes possess more developed endogenous antioxidant systems, which might reduce the marginal benefit of additional H₂; simultaneously, highly trained athletes generate greater oxidative stress per training session, which might increase the physiological context in which benefit is possible.

The Sládečková 2024 swimmer trial used elite fin swimmers and reported lower creatine kinase, lower soreness scores, and better countermovement jump recovery. The 2012 Aoki study used elite soccer players. The effects reported are therefore not limited to untrained populations, though both trials were small (12 and 10 participants).

Anaerobic Performance

The anaerobic performance data in the hydrogen water for athletes literature is limited but directionally interesting. The mechanistic hypotheses — particularly around lactate metabolism and selective ROS reduction — predict that effects might be more pronounced in anaerobic contexts than purely aerobic ones, because anaerobic glycolysis is the primary generator of both lactate and the downstream oxidative burden from high-rate ATP turnover.

The 2012 Aoki pilot study included an anaerobic component — the 100-repetition isokinetic knee extension protocol at 70°/s — as a primary outcome, finding reduced muscle fatigue in the hydrogen water group during early repetitions when compared to regular water. The 2024 resistance training study involved a compound lower-body movement at 70% 1RM, a setting involving substantial anaerobic glycolysis, and found improved muscular endurance performance and lower lactate in the HRW group. These findings align with what you'd predict from the lactate metabolism hypothesis.

A 2023 Frontiers in Physiology trial examined the acute ergogenic effect of a single pre-exercise dose of hydrogen-rich water across aerobic and anaerobic performance measures in a randomized double-blind crossover design, and did not find significant effects. The contrast between this null result and the positive findings from multi-day protocols suggests that single acute doses may not replicate what longer supplementation periods achieve.

Endurance Performance

Endurance athletes — distance runners, cyclists, triathletes, rowers — sustain high oxygen consumption for extended durations, generating substantial cumulative oxidative stress across training sessions. If the mitochondrial function and antioxidant hypotheses translate to exercising humans, endurance training contexts would seem to provide the physiological background in which effects might be most visible. The available evidence is limited but provides some signal worth tracking.

Trained Cyclists and Aerobic Capacity

The 2024 Metabolites review by Zhou Q and colleagues noted data from a race-day hydrogen water protocol in which endurance performance was improved by approximately 1.3% in slower runners using pre-race hydrogen-rich water hydration. The same dataset showed a 0.8% deterioration in faster, more highly trained runners — indicating that effects were not uniform across athlete levels within a single study population (Zhou Q et al., 2024, Metabolites).

The dataset showed a 1.3% improvement in slower runners and a 0.8% deterioration in faster, more highly trained runners, suggesting that individual variation in response is a real feature of the hydrogen water research. This is the kind of nuance the research community is still working to clarify: who responds, under what conditions, and why.

What the Trial Protocols Used for Timing and Volume

The published trials varied in when and how much hydrogen-rich water was administered. Those protocols are reported here as what the studies did, not as guidance.

Timing — Before, During, or After Training?

The published trials have varied considerably on administration timing, making it difficult to identify an optimal protocol from the existing evidence alone. The Aoki 2012 pilot study used one week of pre-loading through the session. The Sládečková 2024 swimmer trial used three days of pre-loading at 1,260 mL per day, scaling to 2,520 mL on the training day itself. The Zhou K 2024 resistance training study used intermittent administration before, during, and after training sessions across eight days.

The pattern across studies reporting positive recovery outcomes is multi-day supplementation rather than single acute doses. A single glass of hydrogen water consumed immediately before a training session does not replicate the loading protocols used in the swimmer and resistance training studies.

Anti-Doping Status and Reported Adverse Effects

For athletes who must navigate anti-doping regulations, two facts from the published record are relevant.

WADA Status and Competitive Legality

Molecular hydrogen is absent from the World Anti-Doping Agency's Prohibited List, confirmed explicitly in the Sládečková et al. 2024 publication. It is not a prohibited substance or prohibited method under WADA, USADA, or any major national anti-doping authority. Competitive athletes do not require therapeutic use exemptions to use hydrogen water, and there is no mechanism by which hydrogen water consumption would produce a positive drug test.

Known Adverse Effects

No controlled trial in the hydrogen water literature — across athletic performance research, clinical research, or broader human trial contexts — has documented serious adverse effects from oral consumption of hydrogen-rich water.

Molecular hydrogen is classified as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration when used in food contexts. Long-term safety data beyond weeks-long study protocols is not available from the athletic performance literature. Any athlete with medical conditions should discuss new supplementation with their healthcare provider, as always.

Where the Evidence Stands

A reader of the 2024 hydrogen water research can say a few things with confidence, and should hold the rest loosely.

No serious adverse effects have been reported across the trials to date. Multiple double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were published in peer-reviewed journals in 2024, adding to a literature spanning over a decade. The effects most consistently reported — fatigue recovery, lactate clearance, lower muscle-damage markers — were measured in small samples (most trials enrolled 10 to 30 participants) over days to weeks.

The research is also specific about where the signals are weakest: aerobic capacity, fresh sprint output, and single acute doses have not shown consistent effects, and no trial has run longer than a few weeks. That specificity is what the literature currently supports.

References

Ohsawa I, Ishikawa M, Takahashi K, Watanabe M, Nishimaki K, Yamagata K, Katsura K, Katayama Y, Asoh S, Ohta S. Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals. Nature Medicine. 2007;13(6):688–694. DOI: 10.1038/nm1577. PubMed ID: 17486089.
Aoki K, Nakao A, Adachi T, Matsui Y, Miyakawa S. Pilot study: Effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on muscle fatigue caused by acute exercise in elite athletes. Medical Gas Research. 2012;2:12. PubMed ID: 22520831.
Sládečková B, Botek M, Krejčí J, Valenta M, McKune A, Neuls F, Klimešová I. Hydrogen-rich water supplementation promotes muscle recovery after two strenuous training sessions performed on the same day in elite fin swimmers: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Frontiers in Physiology. 2024;15:1321160. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1321160. PubMed ID: 38681143.
Zhou K, Yuan C, Shang Z, Jiao W, Wang Y. Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training. Frontiers in Physiology. 2024;15:1458882. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882.
Zhou K, Shang Z, Yuan C, et al. Can molecular hydrogen supplementation enhance physical performance in healthy adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2024. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1387657. PubMed ID: 38903627.
Li Y, Bing R, Liu M, Shang Z, Huang Y, Zhou K, Bao D, Zhou J. Can molecular hydrogen supplementation reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2024. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1328705. PubMed ID: 38590828.
Zhou Q, Li H, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Wang C, Liu C. Hydrogen-Rich Water to Enhance Exercise Performance: A Review of Effects and Mechanisms. Metabolites. 2024;14(10):537. DOI: 10.3390/metabo14100537. PubMed ID: 39452918.
Merry TL, Ristow M. Do antioxidant supplements interfere with skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise training? The Journal of Physiology. 2016;594(18):5135–5147. DOI: 10.1113/JP270654.

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